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Avicennia germinans (L.) L.  
Family: Verbenaceae
Black Mangrove, more... (es: mangle negro, chifle de vaca, mangle blanco, m. salado, mangle bobo, arbol (palo) de sal, culumate, mangle prieto, mangle salado, mangle torcido)
[Avicennia germinans var. guayaquilensis (Kunth) Mold., moreAvicennia nitida Jacq., Avicennia tonduzii Moldenke]
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Rolando Pérez
  • Tree Atlas - English
  • Tree Atlas - Español
  • Resources
Perez, R. and Condit R. Tree Atlas of Panama
Description: A tall tree of the mangroves. The trunk is straight and cylindrical, often with superficial roots surrounding the base (called pneumatophores, these roots 'breath' while the soil is submerged). The bark is dark, divided into rectangular plates by vertical and horizontal fissures. Leaves are opposite, shiny green, narrowing at the base, on a short stalk.

Reproduction: Flowers are white with yellow in the center, produced for most of the year but especially from October to January. Fruit is an oval capsule, covered with spongy material that floats, and splitting open to release seeds, produced for much of the year.

Distribution: Only grows in swamps that seawater reaches. The largest mangroves in central Panama are east of Colon on the Caribbean coast, in the large bay at Punta Chame on the Pacific, and at Juan Diaz near the Tocumen airport.

Uses: The wood is hard and heavy, and much used for construction or fuel.

Perez, R. and Condit R. Tree Atlas of Panama
Descripción: Árbol de 10 a 30 m de alto. Tronco con neumatóforos alrededor de la base. Los neumatóforos son raíces respiratorias que emergen en forma de pequeños tubos alargados cubriendo el suelo alrededor del árbol. Corteza exterior negra y fisurada, formando pequeñas placas rectangulares. Hojas simples y opuestas, de 8-15 x 2-4 cm, lanceoladas, con ápice agudo, bordes enteros y base aguda. Las hojas presentan el envés gris, cubierto de pelitos o estructuras glandulares secretoras de sal. Pecíolo de 1-2.5 cm de largo y ligeramente acanalado en la parte superior. Flores blancas y con la parte central de color amarillo. Frutos en cápsulas elipsoidales, de 1.5-2 cm de largo, verdes, cubiertos por una estructura carnosa y esponjosa, dehiscentes en dos valvas al madurar.

Datos Ecológicos: La especie crece en áreas costeras y de manglares de todo el país. Prefiere terrenos anegados por la marea y con altas condiciones de salinidad. De hecho es la especie de mangle que presenta la mayor tolerancia a la salinidad. Florece y fructifica durante todo el año, principalmente de octubre a marzo.

Especies Parecidas: A menudo se confunde con LK avicbi Avicennia bicolor LK2 , pero A. bicolor tiene hojas más grandes y anchas.

Usos: La madera es empleada para la construcción de muebles, soleras, horcones, postes de cercas y leña para carbón.

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Rolando Pérez
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Rolando Pérez
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Rolando Pérez
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This project is supported by the National Science Foundation's Division of Environmental Biology through an award titled "Advancing Revisionary Taxonomy and Systematics: Integrative Research and Training in Tropical Taxonomy" (DEB-1456674). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed on this website are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.